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Li-slide tse bonts'ang lingoloa tse tharo selaeteng se seng le se seng.Sebelisa likonopo tse ka morao le tse latelang ho tsamaea ka har'a li-slide, kapa likonopo tsa selaoli se qetellong ho tsamaea selaeteng ka seng.
Haufinyane tjena ho bontšitsoe hore tšebeliso ea ultrasound e ka ntlafatsa tlhahiso ea lisele ho ultrasound-enhanced fine needle aspiration biopsy (USeFNAB) ha e bapisoa le e tloaelehileng ea nale aspiration biopsy (FNAB).Kamano e teng lipakeng tsa bevel geometry le ts'ebetso ea malebela ha e so etsoa lipatlisiso.Thutong ena, re ile ra etsa lipatlisiso ka thepa ea resonance ea nale le amplitude ea ho kheloha bakeng sa li-geometri tse fapaneng tsa nale tse nang le bolelele bo fapaneng ba bevel.Ka ho sebelisa lancet e tloaelehileng e nang le sehiloeng sa 3.9 mm, ntlha ea ho kheloha matla (DPR) e ne e le 220 le 105 µm/W moeeng le metsing, ka ho latellana.Sena se phahame ho feta ntlha ea axisymmetric 4mm bevel, e fihletseng DPR ea 180 le 80 µm/W moeeng le metsing, ka ho latellana.Boithuto bona bo totobatsa bohlokoa ba kamano lipakeng tsa boima bo kobehang ba geometry ea bevel molemong oa lithuso tse fapaneng tsa ho kenya, mme ka hona e ka fana ka temohisiso mabapi le mekhoa ea ho laola ketso ea ho itšeha ka mor'a ho phunya ka ho fetola nale ea bevel geometry, e bohlokoa bakeng sa USeFNAB.Taba ea kopo.
Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) ke mokhoa oo nalete e sebelisoang ho fumana sampole ea linale ha ho belaelloa hore ho na le ntho e sa tloaelehang1,2,3.Malebela a mofuta oa Franseen a bontšitsoe a fana ka ts'ebetso e phahameng ea tlhahlobo ho feta malebela a setso a Lancet4 le Menghini5.Li-bevel tsa Axisymmetric (ke hore, circumferential) le tsona li khothalelitsoe ho eketsa monyetla oa hore ho be le mohlala o lekaneng oa histopathology6.
Nakong ea biopsy, nalete e fetisoa ka har'a letlalo le lisele ho senola lefu le belaetsang.Liphuputso tsa morao-rao li bontšitse hore ts'ebetso ea ultrasonic e ka fokotsa matla a ho phunya a hlokahalang ho fihlella lisele tse bonolo7,8,9,10.Nale bevel geometry e bontšitsoe hore e ama matla a ho sebelisana ha nale, mohlala, li-bevel tse telele li bontšitsoe hore li na le matla a tlaase a ho kenella ha lisele 11.Ho 'nile ha etsoa tlhahiso ea hore ka mor'a hore nale e kene ka holim'a lesela, ke hore ka mor'a ho phunya, matla a ho itšeha a nale e ka' na ea e-ba 75% ea matla a tšebelisano ea nale-tissue12.Ultrasound (US) e bontšitsoe ho ntlafatsa boleng ba tlhahlobo ea lisele tse bonolo tsa biopsy ka mor'a ho phunya phase13.Mekhoa e meng ea ho ntlafatsa boleng ba masapo a masapo e entsoe bakeng sa sampling ea lisele tse thata14,15 empa ha ho liphetho tse tlalehiloeng tse ntlafatsang boleng ba biopsy.Liphuputso tse 'maloa li boetse li fumane hore ho falla ha mechine ho eketseha ka ho eketseha ha ultrasound drive voltage16,17,18.Le hoja ho na le lithuto tse ngata tsa matla a axial (longitudinal) static interactions ea nale-tissue19,20, lithuto tse mabapi le matla a temporal le nale bevel geometry ka ultrasonic e ntlafalitsoeng FNAB (USeFNAB) e lekanyelitsoe.
Sepheo sa thuto ena e ne e le ho batlisisa phello ea li-geometri tse fapaneng tsa li-bevel mabapi le ts'ebetso ea nale e tsamaisoang ke ho phatlolla ha nale ka maqhubu a ultrasonic.Haholo-holo, re ile ra etsa lipatlisiso ka phello ea mochini oa ente ho kheloha ntlha ea nale ka mor'a ho phunngoa bakeng sa li-bevel tse tloaelehileng tsa nale (mohlala, lancets), axisymmetric le asymmetric single bevel geometries (Fig. phihlello kapa dinama tse bonolo.
Li-geometri tse fapaneng tsa bevel li kenyellelitsoe thutong ena.(a) Lancets e ipapisang le ISO 7864:201636 moo \(\alpha\) e leng angle ea mantlha ea bevel, \(\theta\) e le sekhutlo sa bobeli sa bevel rotation, le \(\phi\) ke sekhutlo sa bobeli sa bevel rotation ho likhato , ka likhato (\(^\circ\)).(b) linear asymmetrical single step chamfers (tse bitsoang "standard" ho DIN 13097:201937) le (c) linear axisymmetric (circumferential) single step chamfers.
Mokhoa oa rona ke ho etsa mohlala oa pele oa phetoho ea bolelele ba maqhubu a kobehang moepeng oa lancet e tloaelehileng, axisymmetric, le asymmetric slope geometries tsa moepa o le mong.Ka mor'a moo re ile ra bala thuto ea parametric ho hlahloba phello ea bevel angle le bolelele ba tube ho motsamao oa mochini oa lipalangoang.Sena se etsoa ho fumana bolelele bo nepahetseng ba ho etsa nale ea prototype.Ho ipapisitsoe le papiso, ho ile ha etsoa li-prototypes tsa nale, 'me boits'oaro ba bona bo matla moeeng, metsing le 10% (w / v) ballistic gelatin e ile ea bontšoa ka liteko ka ho lekanya coefficient ea voltage reflection le ho bala bokhoni ba phetisetso ea matla, eo maqhubu a sebetsang a tsoang ho eona. ikemiselitse..Qetellong, ho nahana ka lebelo le phahameng ho sebelisoa ho lekanya ka kotloloho ho kheloha ha leqhubu le kobehang ntlheng ea nale moeeng le metsing, le ho hakanya matla a motlakase a fetisoang ke ho sekamela ho hong le ho hoholo ha matla (DPR) geometry ea e kentsoeng. mahareng.
Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe setšoantšong sa 2a, sebelisa No. 21 pipe (0.80 mm OD, 0.49 mm ID, 0.155 mm botenya ba lebota la phala, lerako le tloaelehileng joalokaha ho boletsoe ho ISO 9626: 201621) le entsoeng ka tšepe e sa hloekang ea 316 ( Young's modulus 205).\(\mongolo {GN/m}^{2}\), boima ba 8070 kg/m\(^{3}\), karolelano ea Poisson 0.275).
Boikemisetso ba ho kobeha wavelength le tokiso ea finite element model (FEM) ea nale le maemo a moeli.(a) Boikemisetso ba bolelele ba bevel (BL) le bolelele ba phala (TL).(b) Karolo e meraro (3D) finite element model (FEM) e sebelisang harmonic point force \(\tilde{F}_y\vec{j}\) ho hlakisa nale qetellong ea proximal, ho khelosa ntlha, le ho lekanya lebelo. ho latela keletso (\( \tilde{u}_y\vec {j}\), \(\tilde{v}_y\vec {j}\)) ho bala motsamao oa sepalangoang oa mochini.\(\lambda _y\) e hlalosoa e le bolelele ba maqhubu a kobehang bo amanang le matla a emeng \(\tilde{F}_y\vec {j}\).(c) Lekola bohare ba matla a khoheli, sebaka sa A, le linako tsa inertia \(I_{xx}\) le \(I_{yy}\) ho potoloha axis ea x le y-axis ka ho latellana.
Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe feiga.2b,c, bakeng sa leballo le sa feleng (le sa feleng) le nang le sebaka sa A cross-sectional le leqhubu le leholo ha le bapisoa le boholo ba karolo ea sefapano sa sefate, lebelo la ho kobeha (kapa ho khumama) \(c_{EI}\ ) e hlalosoa e le 22:
moo E is Young's modulus (\(\text {N/m}^{2}\)), \(\omega _0 = 2\pi f_0\) ke excitation angular frequency (rad/s), moo \( f_0 \ ) ke maqhubu a mela (1/s kapa Hz), ke nako ea inertia ea sebaka se potolohileng axis ea thahasello \((\text {m}^{4})\) le \(m'=\ rho _0 A \) ke boima bo bolelele ba yuniti (kg/m), moo \(\rho _0\) e leng mokoloko \((\text {kg/m}^{3})\) le A ke sefapano -karolo ea karolo ea leballo (xy plane) (\ (\ text {m}^{2}\)).Kaha molemong oa rona matla a sebelisitsoeng a bapa le y-axis e otlolohileng, ke hore \(\ tilde{F}_y\vec {j}\), re thahasella feela motsotso oa inertia ea sebaka se potolohileng x- e rapameng. axis, ke hore \(I_{xx} \), ke ka hona:
Bakeng sa mofuta oa finite element (FEM), ho nahanoa hore ho na le phallo e hloekileng ea harmonic (m), kahoo ho potlakisa (\(\text {m/s}^{2}\)) ho hlalosoa e le \(\ partial ^2 \vec). {u}/ \ karolo e itseng t^2 = -\omega ^2\vec {u}\), mohlala \(\vec {u}(x, y, z, t) := u_x\vec {i} + u_y \ vec {j }+ u_z\vec {k}\) ke vector ea phalliso e mahlakore a mararo e hlalosoang ka likhokahano tsa sebaka.Ho khutlisa ea morao-rao ka mofuta oa Lagrangian o senyehang ka ho felletseng oa "motment balance law23", ho latela ts'ebetsong ea eona ho COMSOL Multiphysics software package (liphetolelo tsa 5.4-5.5, COMSOL Inc., Massachusetts, USA), e fana ka:
Moo \(\vec {\nabla}:= \frac{\partial}}{\partial x}\vec {i} + \frac{\partial}}{\partial y}\vec {j} + \frac{ \partial {\ partial z}\vec {k}\) ke tensor divergence operator, 'me \({\ underline{\sigma}}\) ke Piola-Kirchhoff ea bobeli khatello ea maikutlo (taelo ea bobeli, \(\ text { N /m}^{2}\)), le \(\vec {F_V}:= F_{V_x}\vec {i}+ F_{V_y}\vec {j}+ F_{V_z}\vec { k} \) ke vector ea matla a 'mele (\(\text {N/m}^{3}\)) ea molumo o mong le o mong o ka senyehang, 'me \(e^{j\phi}\) ke mohato oa matla a 'mele, e na le angle ea mohato \(\ phi\) (rad).Tabeng ea rona, matla a 'mele ke zero,' me mohlala oa rona o nka mokhoa oa geometric linearity le mefokolo e nyenyane e tsitsitseng, ke hore \({\ underline{\ varepsilon}} ^ {el} = {\ underline{\ varepsilon}}\ ), moo \({\ underline{\varepsilon}}^{el}\) le \({\ underline{\varepsilon}}\) - elastic deformation and total deformation (dimensionless of the second order), ka ho latellana.Hooke's constitutive isotropic elasticity tensor \(\ underline {\ underline {C))\) e fumanoa ho sebelisoa Young's modulus E(\(\text{N/m}^{2}\)) le Poisson's ratio v e hlalosoa, e le hore \ (\ underline{\ underline{C}}:=\ underline{\ underline{C}}(E,v)\) (tatellano ea bone).Kahoo palo ea khatello ea maikutlo e fetoha \({\ underline{\sigma}} := \ underline{\ underline{C}}:{\ underline{\ varepsilon}}}).
Lipalo li entsoe ka likarolo tsa tetrahedral tsa 10-node tse nang le boholo ba element \(\le\) 8 µm.Nale e entsoe ka vacuum, 'me boleng ba phetisetso ea mochini (ms-1 H-1) bo hlalosoa e le \(|\tilde{Y}_{v_yF_y}|= |\tilde{v}_y\vec {j} |/|\ tilde{F}_y\vec {j}|\)24, moo \(\tilde{v}_y\vec {j}\) e leng lebelo le rarahaneng la tlhahiso ea letsoho, le \(\tilde{ F} _y\vec {j}\) ke matla a ho khanna a rarahaneng a teng qetellong ea tube, joalokaha ho bontšitsoe setšoantšong sa 2b.Transmissive mechanical mobility e hlahisoa ka li-decibel (dB) ho sebelisoa boleng bo holimo e le litšupiso, ke hore \(20\log _{10} (|\tilde{Y}|/ |\tilde{Y}_{max}| )\ ), Lithuto tsohle tsa FEM li ile tsa etsoa ka makhetlo a 29.75 kHz.
Sebopeho sa nale (Setšoantšo sa 3) se na le nale e tloaelehileng ea 21 gauge hypodermic (nomoro ea lethathamo: 4665643, Sterican \ (^\ circledR \), e nang le bophara ba ka ntle ba 0.8 mm, bolelele ba 120 mm, e entsoeng ka AISI. chromium-nickel stainless steel 304., B. Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany) behile polasetiki ea Luer Lock sleeve e entsoeng ka polypropylene proximal le phetoho e lumellanang le ntlha.The nale tube soldered ho waveguide joalokaha ho bontšitsoe Fig. 3b.The waveguide e ne e hatisitsoe ka mochine oa khatiso oa 3D oa tšepe e sa hloekang (EOS Stainless Steel 316L ho printa ea EOS M 290 3D, 3D Formtech Oy, Jyväskylä, Finland) 'me e ntan'o khomarela mochine oa Langevin o sebelisa liboutu tsa M4.Transducer ea Langevin e na le lintho tse 8 tsa selikalikoe tsa piezoelectric tse nang le litekanyo tse peli pheletsong ka 'ngoe.
Mefuta e mene ea malebela (setšoantšo), lancet e fumanehang khoebong (L), le li-bevel tse tharo tse entsoeng axisymmetric single-stage (AX1–3) li ne li khetholloa ka bolelele ba bevel (BL) ba 4, 1.2, le 0.5 mm, ka ho latellana.(a) Ho koala ntlha ea nale e phethiloeng.(b) Pono e holimo ea lithapo tse 'nè tse rekisoang ho 3D e hatisitsoeng ea waveguide ebe e hokahanngoa le sensor ea Langevin e nang le liboutu tsa M4.
Litlhahiso tse tharo tsa axisymmetric bevel (Setšoantšo sa 3) (TAs Machine Tools Oy) li entsoe ka bolelele ba bevel (BL, e khethiloeng ho Fig. 2a) ea 4.0, 1.2 le 0.5 mm, e lumellanang le \ (\ approx \) 2 \ (^\ circ\), 7\(^\circ\) le 18\(^\circ\).Boima ba waveguide le stylus ke 3.4 ± 0.017 g (bolela ± SD, n = 4) bakeng sa bevel L le AX1–3, ka ho latellana (Quintix\(^\circledR\) 224 Design 2, Sartorius AG, Göttingen, Germany).Kakaretso ea bolelele ho tloha ntlheng ea nale ho ea qetellong ea sleeve ea polasetiki ke 13.7, 13.3, 13.3, 13.3 cm bakeng sa bevel L le AX1-3 ho Figure 3b, ka ho latellana.
Bakeng sa litlhophiso tsohle tsa nale, bolelele ho tloha ntlheng ea nale ho ea ntlheng ea waveguide (ke hore, sebaka sa soldering) ke 4.3 cm, 'me nalete ea nale e lebisitsoe e le hore bevel e shebane holimo (ke hore, e bapileng le axis ea Y. ).), joalo ka (setšoantšo sa 2).
Sengoloa sa tloaelo ho MATLAB (R2019a, The MathWorks Inc., Massachusetts, USA) se sebetsang komporong (Latitude 7490, Dell Inc., Texas, USA) se ile sa sebelisoa ho hlahisa sefiela sa sinusoidal ho tloha ho 25 ho isa ho 35 kHz ka metsotsoana e 7, e fetoletsoeng ho letšoao la analoge ka converter ea digital-to-analog (DA) (Analog Discovery 2, Digilent Inc., Washington, USA).Letšoao la analoge \(V_0\) (0.5 Vp-p) le ile la matlafatsoa ka amplifier ea radio frequency (RF) e inehetseng (Mariachi Oy, Turku, Finland).The falling amplifying voltage \({V_I}\) e tsoa ho RF amplifier e nang le impedance ea 50 \ (\ Omega \) ho transformer e hahiloeng mohahong oa nale e nang le 50 \ (\ Omega) \) Langevin transducer (ka pele le ka morao multilayer piezoelectric transducers , e tletseng boima) e sebelisoa ho hlahisa maqhubu a mechine.Amplifier ea tloaelo ea RF e na le metara ea "dual-channel stand wave power factor" (SWR) e khonang ho bona ketsahalo \({V_I}\)' me e bonts'a matla a motlakase \(V_R\) ka analog-to-digital ea 300 kHz (AD). ) converter (Analog Discovery 2).Letšoao la ho hlasimolla le fetotsoe ka amplitude qalong le qetellong ho thibela ho kenya letsoho ho amplifier ka nakoana.
Ho sebelisa mongolo o tloaelehileng o kentsoeng ho MATLAB, frequency reaction function (AFC), ke hore, ho nka sistimi e emeng.Hape, kenya filthara ea 20 ho isa ho 40 kHz ho tlosa maqhubu a sa batleheng ho tsoa lets'oao.Ha ho buuoa ka theory ea transmission line, \(\tilde{H}(f)\) tabeng ena e lekana le voltage reflection coefficient, ke hore \(\rho _{V} \equiv {V_R}/{V_I} \)26 .Kaha phepelo ea tlhahiso ea amplifier \(Z_0\) e tsamaellana le impedance e kentsoeng ea sefetoleli se hahelletsoeng ka har'a mofetoleli, le coefficient ea ponts'o ea matla a motlakase \({P_R}/{P_I}\) e fokotsehile ho \ ({V_R }^ 2/{V_I}^2\ ), ebe ke \(|\rho _{V}|^2\).Boemong boo ho hlokahalang boleng bo felletseng ba matla a motlakase, bala ketsahalo \(P_I\) le ho bonts'a\(P_R\) matla (W) ka ho nka boleng ba motso oa square (rms) oa motlakase o lumellanang, mohlala, bakeng sa mohala oa phetisetso o nang le excitation ea sinusoidal, \(P = {V}^2/(2Z_0)\)26, moo \(Z_0\) e lekanang le 50 \(\Omega\).Matla a motlakase a fetisetsoang ho mojaro \(P_T\) (e leng sehare se kentsoeng) a ka baloa e le \(|P_I - P_R |\) (W RMS) mme matla a ho fetisa matla (PTE) a ka hlalosoa le ho hlalosoa e le peresente (%) kahoo e fana ka 27:
Karabelo ea khafetsa e sebelisoa ho hakanya maqhubu a modal \(f_{1-3}\) (kHz) a moralo oa setaele le matla a tsamaisanang a phetisetso ea matla, \(\text {PTE}_{1{-}3} \ ).FWHM (\(\text {FWHM}_{1{-}3}\), Hz) e hakanngoa ka kotloloho ho tsoa \(\mongolo {PTE}_{1{-}3}\), ho tsoa ho Lethathamo la 1 maqhubu \(f_{1-3}\) a hlalosoang ho .
Mokhoa oa ho lekanya karabelo ea khafetsa (AFC) ea sebopeho sa acicular.Metharo ea likanale tse peli tsa swept-sine25,38 e sebelisoa ho fumana tšebetso ea karabelo ea khafetsa \(\tilde{H}(f)\) le karabelo ea eona ea tšusumetso H(t).\({\ mathcal {F}}\) le \({\ mathcal {F}}^{-1}\) li bolela palo e khutsufalitsoeng ea Fourier le ts'ebetso e fapaneng ea phetoho, ka ho latellana.\(\tilde{G}(f)\) e bolela hore matshwao a mabedi a atoloswa sebakeng sa maqhubu, mohlala \(\tilde{G}_{XrX}\) e bolela inverse scan\(\tilde{X} r(f )\) le lets'oao la ho theoha ha motlakase \(\tilde{X}(f)\).
Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe feiga.5, khamera ea lebelo le holimo (Phantom V1612, Vision Research Inc., New Jersey, USA) e nang le lense e kholo (MP-E 65mm, \(f)/2.8, 1-5 \ (\ linako\), Canon Inc. ., Tokyo, Japane) li ne li sebelisetsoa ho rekota ho kheloha ha ntlha ea nale e tlas'a ho tsosoa ha flexural (maqhubu a le mong, sinusoid e tsoelang pele) ka makhetlo a 27.5-30 kHz.Ho theha 'mapa oa moriti, ntho e pholileng ea LED e tšoeu e matla haholo (nomoro ea karolo: 4052899910881, White Led, 3000 K, 4150 lm, Osram Opto Semiconductors GmbH, Regensburg, Jeremane) e ile ea behoa ka morao ho bevel ea nale.
Pono e ka pele ea tlhahlobo ea liteko.Botebo bo lekanngoa ho tloha holim'a mecha ea litaba.Sebopeho sa nale se tlameletsoe 'me se behiloe holim'a tafole ea phetisetso ea motlakase.Sebelisa kh'amera ea lebelo le holimo e nang le lense e holisang holimo (5\(\times\)) ho lekanya ho kheloha ha ntlha e kobehileng.Litekanyo tsohle li ka limilimithara.
Bakeng sa mofuta o mong le o mong oa bevel ea nale, re rekotile liforeimi tse 300 tsa kh'amera tsa lebelo le phahameng tsa 128 \(\x\) 128 pixels, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e na le qeto ea sebaka sa 1/180 mm (\(\ approx) 5 µm), ka qeto ea nakoana. ea liforeimi tse 310 000 motsotsoana.Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe setšoantšong sa 6, foreime e 'ngoe le e' ngoe (1) e hahiloe (2) e le hore ntlha e be moleng oa ho qetela (ka tlaase) oa foreimi, ebe ho baloa histogram ea setšoantšo (3), kahoo Canny o fihla 1 le 2 e ka khethoa.Ebe u sebelisa Canny28(4) ho lemoha ka bohale u sebelisa mochine oa Sobel 3 \(\ linako\) 3 'me u bale boemo ba pixel ba hypotenuse e seng cavitational (e ngotsoeng \(\mathbf {\ times }\)) bakeng sa mehato eohle ea 300. .Ho fumana bolelele ba nako ea ho kheloha qetellong, ho baloa motsoako (ho sebelisoa algorithm ea phapang e bohareng) (6) 'me foreimi e nang le extrema ea sebakeng seo (e leng tlhōrō) ea ho kheloha (7) e tsejoa.Ka mor'a ho hlahloba ka mahlo moeli o se nang cavitating, ho ile ha khethoa liforeimi tse peli (kapa liforeimi tse peli tse arohaneng ka halofo ea nako) (7) 'me ho kheloha ha ntlha ho lekanyelitsoe (e ngotsoeng \(\mathbf {\times} \ ) E ka holimo e ile ea kenngoa ts'ebetsong. ho Python (v3.8, Python Software Foundation, python.org) ho sebelisa algorithm ea OpenCV Canny edge (v4.5.1, laebrari ea pono ea khomphutha e bulehileng, opencv.org) matla a motlakase \ (P_T \) (W, rms) .
Ho kheloha ha malebela ho ile ha lekanngoa ho sebelisoa letoto la liforeimi tse nkiloeng k'hamerang ea lebelo le phahameng ka 310 kHz ho sebelisoa algorithm ea mehato e 7 (1-7) ho kenyelletsa le ho etsa foreimi (1-2), Canny edge discovery (3-4), moeli oa sebaka sa pixel. palo (5) le tse nkiloeng ho tsona tsa nako (6), 'me qetellong ho kheloha ha ntlha ho tloha holimo ho ea holimo ho ile ha lekanngoa ka lipara tse hlahlobiloeng ka mahlo tsa liforeimi (7).
Litekanyo li ne li nkoa moeeng (22.4-22.9 ° C), metsi a hloekisitsoeng (20.8-21.5 ° C) le ballistic gelatin 10% (w / v) (19.7-23.0 ° C, \(\ text {Honeywell}^{\text {TM}}\) \(\text {Fluka}^{\text {TM}}\) Gelatin ea Bovine le Pork Bone bakeng sa Tlhahlobo ea Ballistic ea Mofuta oa I, Honeywell International, North Carolina, USA).Mocheso o ne o lekantsoe ka K-type thermocouple amplifier (AD595, Analog Devices Inc., MA, USA) le thermocouple ea mofuta oa K (Fluke 80PK-1 Bead Probe No. 3648 type-K, Fluke Corporation, Washington, USA).Ho tloha bohareng Botebo bo ne bo lekantsoe ho tloha holimo (ho behiloe e le tšimoloho ea z-axis) ho sebelisoa sethala sa z-axis se emeng (8MT50-100BS1-XYZ, Standa Ltd., Vilnius, Lithuania) se nang le qeto ea 5 µm.ka mohato.
Kaha mohlala oa boholo o ne o le monyenyane (n = 5) 'me ho tloaelehile ho ne ho ke ke ha nahanoa, ho ile ha sebelisoa mehlala e' meli ea teko ea boemo ba Wilcoxon e nang le mehatla e 'meli (R, v4.0.3, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, r-project .org) ho bapisa palo ea lintlha tse fapaneng tsa nale bakeng sa li-bevel tse fapaneng.Ho ne ho e-na le lipapiso tsa 3 ka letsoapo, kahoo tokiso ea Bonferroni e sebelisitsoe ka boemo bo fetotsoeng ba bohlokoa ba 0.017 le tekanyo ea phoso ea 5%.
Joale a re ke re feteleng ho Fig.7.Ka makhetlo a 29.75 kHz, halofo ea leqhubu (\(\lambda_y/2\)) ea nale ea 21-gauge ke \(\hoo e ka bang) 8 mm.Ha motho a ntse a atamela ntlheng, leqhubu la ho kobeha le fokotseha ka lehlakoreng la oblique.Ho ntlheng \(\lambda _y/2\) \(\hoo e ka bang\) ho na le mehato ea 3, 1 le 7 mm bakeng sa lanceolate e tloaelehileng (a), asymmetric (b) le axisymmetric (c) tšekamelo ea nale e le 'ngoe. , ka ho latellana.Kahoo, sena se bolela hore mefuta e mengata ea lancet ke 5 mm (ka lebaka la hore lifofane tse peli tsa lancet li etsa ntlha e le 'ngoe29,30), bevel ea asymmetric ke 7 mm, bevel ea asymmetric ke 1. mm.Axisymmetric slopes (bohareng ba matla a khoheli bo lula bo sa fetohe, kahoo botenya ba lerako la phala bo hlile bo fetoha haufi le letsoapo).
Lithuto tsa FEM le tšebeliso ea li-equations ka makhetlo a 29.75 kHz.(1) Ha ho baloa phapang ea ho kobeha halofo ea leqhubu (\(\lambda_y/2\)) bakeng sa lancet (a), asymmetric (b) le axisymmetric (c) bevel geometries (joalo ka setšoantšo sa 1a,b,c) ) .Kakaretso ea boleng \(\lambda_y/2\) ea lancet, asymmetric, le axisymmetric bevels e ne e le 5.65, 5.17, le 7.52 mm, ka ho latellana.Hlokomela hore botenya ba ntlha bakeng sa li-bevel tsa asymmetric le axisymmetric bo lekanyelitsoe ho \(\ approx) 50 µm.
Peak mobility \(|\tilde{Y}_{v_yF_y}|\) ke motsoako o nepahetseng oa tube length (TL) le bevel length (BL) (Fig. 8, 9).Bakeng sa lancet e tloaelehileng, kaha boholo ba eona bo tsitsitse, TL e nepahetseng ke \ (\ hoo e ka bang) 29.1 mm (setšoantšo sa 8).Bakeng sa li-bevels tsa asymmetric le axisymmetric (Setšoantšo sa 9a, b, ka ho latellana), lithuto tsa FEM li kenyelelitse BL ho tloha ho 1 ho ea ho 7 mm, kahoo TL e nepahetseng e ne e tsoa ho 26.9 ho ea ho 28.7 mm (range 1.8 mm) le ho tloha 27.9 ho ea ho 29 .2 mm (range 1.3 limilimithara), ka ho latellana.Bakeng sa moepa oa asymmetric (setšoantšo sa 9a), TL e nepahetseng e ile ea eketseha ka mokhoa o lekanang, ea fihla sehlabeng ho BL 4 mm, ebe e fokotseha haholo ho tloha BL 5 ho ea ho 7 mm.Bakeng sa bevel ea axisymmetric (setšoantšo sa 9b), TL e nepahetseng e ile ea eketseha ka ho lekana le BL e ntseng e eketseha 'me ea qetella e tsitsitse ho BL ho tloha 6 ho ea ho 7 mm.Thuto e atolositsoeng ea axisymmetric tilt (Fig. 9c) e senotse sete e fapaneng ea optimal TLs ho \(\ approx) 35.1–37.1 mm.Bakeng sa li-BL kaofela, sebaka se pakeng tsa li-TL tse peli tse ntle ka ho fetisisa ke \(\ approx\) 8mm (e lekanang le \(\lambda_y/2\)).
Motsamao oa phetisetso ea Lancet ho 29.75 kHz.Nale e ne e hlasimolohile ka mokhoa o feto-fetohang ka makhetlo a 29.75 kHz 'me ho sisinyeha ho ile ha lekanyetsoa ntlheng ea nale' me ea hlalosoa e le palo ea motsamao oa mechine e fetisitsoeng (dB e amanang le boleng bo phahameng) bakeng sa TL 26.5-29.5 mm (ka 0.1 mm increments). .
Liphuputso tsa Parametric tsa FEM ka makhetlo a 29.75 kHz li bontša hore mokhoa oa ho fetisoa ha ntlha ea axisymmetric ha o amehe haholo ke phetoho ea bolelele ba tube ho feta molekane oa eona oa asymmetric.Lithuto tsa bolelele ba bevel (BL) le bolelele ba liphaephe (TL) tsa asymmetric (a) le axisymmetric (b, c) bevel geometries thutong ea maqhubu a thuto a sebelisang FEM (maemo a moeli a bontšitsoe setšoantšong sa 2).(a, b) TL e ne e tloha ho 26.5 ho ea ho 29.5 mm (mohato oa 0.1 mm) le BL 1-7 mm (mohato oa 0.5 mm).(c) Lithuto tse atolositsoeng tsa axisymmetric tilt tse kenyeletsang TL 25–40 mm (ka 0.05 mm increments) le BL 0.1–7 mm (ka 0.1 mm increments) tse bontšang hore \(\lambda_y/2\ ) e tlameha ho finyella litlhoko tsa ntlha.maemo a tsamaeang a moeli.
Sebopeho sa nale se na le li-eigenfrequencies tse tharo \(f_{1-3}\) tse arotsoeng ka libaka tse tlaase, tse mahareng le tse phahameng joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho Lethathamo la 1. Boholo ba PTE bo tlalehiloe joalokaha bo bontšitsoe feiga.10 ebe e hlahlobjoa setšoantšong sa 11. Ka tlase ke liphuputso tsa sebaka ka seng sa modal:
Li-amplitudes tse tloaelehileng tse tlalehiloeng hang-hang tsa phetisetso ea matla (PTE) tse fumanoeng ka swept-frequency sinusoidal excitation bakeng sa lancet (L) le axisymmetric bevel AX1-3 moeeng, metsing le gelatin botebong ba 20 mm.Ho bontšoa spectra ea lehlakore le le leng.Karabelo ea makhetlo a lekantsoeng (e lisampole ho 300 kHz) e ne e tlhotliloeng ka tsela e tlase ebe e theoleloa ka karolo ea 200 bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea modal.Karolelano ea lerata-ho-lerata ke \(\le\) 45 dB.Mekhahlelo ea PTE (mela e nang le matheba a pherese) e bontšoa ka likhato (\(^{\circ}\)).
Tlhahlobo ea karabo ea modal (e bolelang ± tšitiso e tloaelehileng, n = 5) e bontšitsoeng setšoantšong sa 10, bakeng sa matsoapo L le AX1-3, moeeng, metsi le 10% gelatin (botebo ba 20 mm), le (holimo) libaka tse tharo tsa modal ( tlase, mahareng le holimo) le maqhubu a tsona a tsamaellanang a modal\(f_{1-3 }\) (kHz), (karolelano) matla a sebetsang hantle \(\text {PTE}_{1{-}3}\) A baloang ho sebelisoa tse lekanang .(4) le (tlase) bophara bo feletseng ka halofo ea boholo ba litekanyo \(\text {FWHM}_{1{-}3}\) (Hz), ka ho latellana.Hlokomela hore tekanyo ea bandwidth e ile ea tlotsoa ha ho ngolisoa PTE e tlase, ke hore \(\text {FWHM}_{1}\) ha e le moepa oa AX2.Mokhoa oa \(f_2\) o fumanoe o le o loketseng ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa ho bapisa ho kheloha ha matsoapo, kaha o ne o bontša boemo bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa ba ho fetisa matla (\(\text {PTE}_{2}\)), ho fihlela ho 99%.
Sebaka sa pele sa modal: \(f_1\) ha e itšetlehe haholo ka mofuta oa sehare se kentsoeng, empa e ipapisitse le geometry ea moepa.\(f_1\) e fokotseha ka bolelele bo fokotsehang ba bevel (27.1, 26.2 le 25.9 kHz moeeng bakeng sa AX1-3, ka ho latellana).Kakaretso ea libaka \(\mongolo {PTE}_{1}\) le \(\mongolo {FWHM}_{1}\) ke \(\approx\) 81% le 230 Hz ka ho latellana.\(\text {FWHM}_{1}\) e na le lintho tse ngata ka ho fetisisa tsa gelatin ho Lancet (L, 473 Hz).Hlokomela hore \(\text {FWHM}_{1}\) AX2 ka gelatin ha e khone ho hlahlojoa ka lebaka la boholo bo rekotiloeng bo tlase ba FRF.
Sebaka sa bobeli sa modal: \(f_2\) se ipapisitse le mofuta oa media o kentsoeng le bevel.Karolelano ea boleng \(f_2\) ke 29.1, 27.9 le 28.5 kHz moeeng, metsing le gelatin, ka ho latellana.Sebaka sena sa modal se boetse se bontšitse PTE e phahameng ea 99%, e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ho feta sehlopha leha e le sefe se lekantsoeng, ka karolelano ea sebaka sa 84%.\(\text {FWHM}_{2}\) e na le karolelano ea libaka ea \(\hoo e ka bang\) 910 Hz.
Sebaka sa mokhoa oa boraro: khafetsa \(f_3\) e ipapisitse le mofuta oa media le bevel.Karolelano ea boleng \(f_3\) ke 32.0, 31.0 le 31.3 kHz moeeng, metsing le gelatin, ka ho latellana.\(\text {PTE}_{3}\) karolelano ea libaka e ne e le \(\hoo e ka bang\) 74%, e tlase ho feta sebaka sefe kapa sefe.Kakaretso ea sebaka \(\mongolo {FWHM}_{3}\) ke \(\hoo e ka bang\) 1085 Hz, e leng holimo ho sebaka sa pele le sa bobeli.
       Se latelang se bua ka Feiga.12 le Letlapa la 2. Lancet (L) e khelohile ka ho fetisisa (ka bohlokoa bo phahameng ho litlhahiso tsohle, \(p<\) 0.017) moeeng le metsing (setšoan 12a), ho finyella DPR e phahameng ka ho fetisisa (ho fihlela ho 220 µm / W moeeng). 12 le Letlapa la 2. Lancet (L) e khelohile ka ho fetisisa (ka bohlokoa bo phahameng ho litlhahiso tsohle, \(p<\) 0.017) moeeng le metsing (setšoan 12a), ho finyella DPR e phahameng ka ho fetisisa (ho fihlela ho 220 µm / W moeeng). Следующее относится к рисунку 12 и таблице 2. Ланцет (L) отклонялся больше всего (с высокой значимостью для для все, 7) воздухе, так и в воде (рис. 12а), достигая самого высокого DPR . Se latelang se sebetsa ho Setšoantšo sa 12 le Lethathamo la 2. Lancet (L) e khelohile ka ho fetisisa (ka bohlokoa bo phahameng bakeng sa malebela ohle, \ (p <\) 0.017) moeeng le metsing (setšoantšo sa 12a), ho finyella DPR e phahameng ka ho fetisisa.(ho fihlela ho 220 μm/W moeeng).Smt.Setšoantšo sa 12 le Tafole ea 2 ka tlase.柳叶刀(L) 在空气和水中偏转最多（对所有尖端具有高显着性，\(p<\) 0.017（图端具）（图端具）（图图12a）高达220 µm/W)柳叶刀(L) e na le phetoho e phahameng ka ho fetisisa moeeng le metsing (对所记尖端可以高电影性,\(p<\) 0.017) (图12a), mme e fihletse DPR e phahameng ka ho fetisisa (ho fihla ho 220 µm/W ho moea). Ланцет (L) отклонялся больше всего (высокая значимость для всех наконечников, (p<\) 0,017) в воздухе и воде (риадо 12), D 20 мкм/Вт в воздухе). Lancet (L) e khelohile ka ho fetisisa (bohlokoa bo phahameng bakeng sa malebela ohle, \ (p <\) 0.017) moeeng le metsi (setšoantšo sa 12a), ho fihlela DPR e phahameng ka ho fetisisa (ho fihlela ho 220 µm / W moeeng). Moeeng, AX1 e neng e na le BL e holimo, e khelohile holimo ho AX2–3 (ka bohlokoa, \(p<\) 0.017), ha AX3 (e neng e na le BL e tlase) e khelohile ho feta AX2 ka DPR ea 190 µm/W. Moeeng, AX1 e neng e na le BL e holimo, e khelohile holimo ho AX2–3 (ka bohlokoa, \(p<\) 0.017), ha AX3 (e neng e na le BL e tlase) e khelohile ho feta AX2 ka DPR ea 190 µm/W. В воздухе AX1 с более высоким BL отклонялся выше, чем AX2–3 (со значимостью \(p<\) 0,017), тогда как AX3 (с самым AX2-3) X2 с DPR 190 мкм/Вт. Moeeng, AX1 e nang le BL e phahameng e khelohile holimo ho AX2–3 (ka bohlokoa \(p<\) 0.017), athe AX3 (ka BL e tlase) e khelohile ho feta AX2 ka DPR 190 µm/W.在空气中，具有更高BL的AX1 比AX2-3 偏转更高（具有显着性，\(p<\) 0.017），而AX3（具有显着性，\(p<\) 190 µm/W . Moeeng, ho kheloha ha AX1 e nang le BL e phahameng ho feta ea AX2-3 (haholo-holo, \(p<\) 0.017), 'me ho kheloha ha AX3 (ka tlaase ka ho fetisisa BL) ho feta ho AX2, DPR ke 190. µm/W . В воздухе AX1 с более высоким BL отклоняется больше, чем AX2-3 (значимо, \(p<\) 0,017), тогда как AX3 (с самым больше, AX2-3) 2 с DPR 190 мкм/Вт. Ha e le moeeng, AX1 e nang le BL e phahameng e kheloha ho feta AX2-3 (ea bohlokoa, \(p<\) 0.017), athe AX3 (e nang le BL e tlase) e khelosa ho feta AX2 ka DPR 190 μm/W.Ho metsi a 20 mm, ho kheloha le PTE AX1-3 li ne li sa fapane haholo (\(p>\) 0.017).Litekanyetso tsa PTE metsing (90.2-98.4%) ka kakaretso li ne li phahame ho feta moeeng (56-77.5%) (setšoantšo sa 12c), 'me ketsahalo ea cavitation e ile ea hlokomeloa nakong ea teko ea metsi (setšoan 13, bona le tse ling tse eketsehileng. litaba).
Palo ea ho kheloha ha ntlha (e bolela ± SD, n = 5) e lekantsoeng bakeng sa bevel L le AX1-3 moeeng le metsi (botebo ba 20 mm) e bontša phello ea ho fetola geometry ea bevel.Litekanyo li ile tsa fumanoa ho sebelisoa excitation e le 'ngoe ea maqhubu a sinusoidal.(a) Phapang ea tlhoro ho isa tlhōrōng (\(u_y\vec {j}\)) ntlheng, e lekantsoeng ka (b) maqhubu a tsona a fapaneng \(f_2\).(c) Bokhoni ba ho fetisa matla (PTE, RMS, %) ea equation.(4) le (d) The deflection power factor (DPR, µm/W) e baloang e le tlhoro e kgelohang ho isa sehlohlolong le matla a fetisoang a motlakase \(P_T\) (Wrms).
Setšoantšo se tloaelehileng sa moriti oa khamera ea lebelo le phahameng se bonts'ang ho kheloha ho tloha holimo-ho-ea-tlhōrōng (mela e tala le e khubelu ea matheba) ea lancet (L) le axisymmetric tip (AX1–3) metsing (20 mm botebo) ho feta halofo ea potoloho.cycle, at excitation frequency \(f_2\) (sampling frequency 310 kHz).Setšoantšo se hapiloeng se na le boholo ba lipikselse tse 128×128 le boholo ba pixel ea \(\approx\) 5 µm.Video e ka fumanoa boitsebisong bo eketsehileng.
Ka hona, re ile ra etsa mohlala oa phetoho ea wavelength kobang (sa feiga. 7) 'me a baloa ho fetisetsoa mechine motsamao bakeng sa motsoako oa phala bolelele le chamfer (sa feiga. 8, 9) bakeng sa lancet tloaelehileng, asymmetric le axisymmetric chamfers tsa libopeho tsa thutatekanyo.Ho itšetlehile ka ho qetela, re hakanya sebaka se nepahetseng sa 43 mm (kapa \ (\ hoo e ka bang) 2.75 \ (\ lambda _y\) ho 29.75 kHz) ho tloha ntlheng ho ea ho weld, joalokaha ho bontšitsoe setšoantšong sa 5, 'me ra etsa Three axisymmetric. li-bevel tse bolelele bo fapaneng.Ka mor'a moo re ile ra bontša boitšoaro ba bona ba makhetlo a mangata moeeng, metsing, le 10% (w / v) ballistic gelatin ha e bapisoa le li-lancets tse tloaelehileng (Lipalo 10, 11) 'me ra khetha mokhoa o loketseng ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa papiso ea bevel deflection.Qetellong, re ile ra lekanya ho kheloha ha ntlha ka ho kobeha leqhubu moeeng le metsing ka botebo ba limilimithara tse 20 'me ra lekanya katleho ea phetisetso ea matla (PTE, %) le "deflection power factor" (DPR, µm/W) ea mokhoa oa ho kenya bakeng sa bevel ka 'ngoe.mofuta oa angular (setšoantšo sa 12).
Nale bevel geometry e bontšitsoe hore e ama palo ea ho kheloha ha ntlha ea nale.Lancet e fihletse ho kheloha ho phahameng ka ho fetisisa le DPR e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ha e bapisoa le bevel ea axisymmetric e nang le tekanyo e tlaase ea ho kheloha (Setšoantšo sa 12).The 4 mm axisymmetric bevel (AX1) e nang le bevel e telele ka ho fetisisa e fihletse ho kheloha ha moea ka lipalo ho bapisoa le linale tse ling tsa axisymmetric (AX2–3) (\(p <0.017\), Lethathamo la 2), empa ho ne ho se phapang e kholo. .e hlokometsoeng ha nale e kenngoa metsing.Kahoo, ha ho na molemo o hlakileng oa ho ba le bolelele bo bolelele ba bevel mabapi le ho kheloha ha tlhoro ntlheng.Ka sena kelellong, ho bonahala eka geometry ea bevel e ithutoang thutong ena e na le phello e kholo ho kheloha ho feta bolelele ba bevel.Sena se ka 'na sa bakoa ke ho satalla ho khumama, mohlala, ho itšetlehile ka botenya bohle ba thepa e kobehileng le moralo oa nale.
Lithutong tsa liteko, boholo ba leqhubu le bonts'itsoeng la flexural le angoa ke maemo a moeli oa ntlha.Ha ntlha ea nale e kenngoa ka metsing le gelatin, \(\text {PTE}_{2}\) ke \(\hoo e ka bang\) 95%,' me \(\text {PTE}_{2}\) ke \ (\text {PTE}_{ 2}\) boleng ke 73% le 77% bakeng sa (\text {PTE}_{1}\) le \(\text {PTE}_{3}\), ka ho latellana (setšoantšo sa 11).Sena se bontša hore phetisetso e kholo ea matla a acoustic ho ea ho lahla, e leng metsi kapa gelatin, e etsahala ho \(f_2\).Boitšoaro bo tšoanang bo ile ba hlokomeloa thutong e fetileng31 ho sebelisoa mochine o bonolo haholoanyane oa mochine oa 41-43 kHz, moo bangoli ba ileng ba bontša ho itšetleha ha coefficient ea ho bonahatsa motlakase ho modulus ea mochine oa mochine o kenang.Botebo ba ho kenella32 le thepa ea mochini ea lisele e fana ka mojaro oa mochini holim'a nale, ka hona ho lebelletsoe ho susumetsa boits'oaro bo botle ba UZEFNAB.Kahoo, resonance tracking algorithms (mohlala 17, 18, 33) e ka sebelisoa ho ntlafatsa matla a acoustic a fanoang ka nale.
Ketsiso ka ho kobeha wavelengths (setšoantšo sa 7) e bontša hore ntlha ea axisymmetric e thata ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng (ke hore, e thata ho feta) ho feta lancet le asymmetric bevel.Ho ipapisitsoe le (1) le ho sebelisa kamano e tsebahalang ea lebelo le maqhubu, re hakanya ho satalla ho kobeha ntlheng ea nale e le \(\ ka') 200, 20 le 1500 MPa bakeng sa lancet, asymmetric le axial e sekametseng lifofane, ka ho latellana.Sena se lumellana le \ (\ lambda_y \) ea \ (\ hoo e ka bang\) 5.3, 1.7, le 14.2 mm, ka ho latellana, ho 29.75 kHz (setšoantšo sa 7a-c).Ha ho nahanoa ka polokeho ea tleliniki nakong ea USeFNAB, phello ea geometry mabapi le ho satalla ha sebopeho sa sefofane se sekametseng se lokela ho hlahlojoa34.
Phuputso ea mekhahlelo ea bevel e amanang le bolelele ba tube (setšoantšo sa 9) e bontšitse hore sebaka se nepahetseng sa phetisetso se ne se le holimo bakeng sa bevel ea asymmetric (1.8 mm) ho feta bakeng sa bevel ea axisymmetric (1.3 mm).Ho phaella moo, ho tsamaea ho tsitsitse ho \ (\ hoo e ka bang) ho tloha ho 4 ho ea ho 4.5 mm le ho tloha 6 ho ea ho 7 mm bakeng sa li-asymmetric le axisymmetric tilts, ka ho latellana (setšoantšo sa 9a, b).Bohlokoa bo sebetsang ba tšibollo ena bo hlahisoa ka mamello ea tlhahiso, mohlala, mofuta o tlase oa TL o nepahetseng o ka bolela hore ho hlokahala ho nepahala ho hoholo ha bolelele.Ka nako e ts'oanang, sehlaba sa mobility se fana ka mamello e kholoanyane bakeng sa ho khetha bolelele ba ho qoela ka lebelo le fanoeng ntle le tšusumetso e kholo ea ho tsamaea.
Thuto e kenyeletsa mefokolo e latelang.Tekanyo e tobileng ea ho kheloha ha linale ho sebelisoa ho lemoha ka bohale le ho nka litšoantšo ka lebelo le phahameng (Setšoantšo sa 12) ho bolela hore re lekanyelitsoe ho mecha ea litaba e hlakileng e kang moea le metsi.Hape re ka rata ho bontša hore ha rea ​​​​ka ra sebelisa liteko ho leka mokhoa o ts'oanang oa ho fetisoa le ka tsela e fapaneng, empa re sebelisitse lithuto tsa FEM ho fumana bolelele bo lekaneng ba ho etsoa ha linale.Mabapi le mefokolo e sebetsang, bolelele ba lancet ho tloha ntlheng ho ea ho sleeve ke \(\ hoo e ka bang) bolelele ba 0.4 cm ho feta lisebelisoa tse ling (AX1-3), bona feiga.3b.Sena se ka ama karabelo ea modal ea moralo oa nale.Ntle le moo, sebopeho le boholo ba solder qetellong ea pinana ea waveguide (bona Setšoantšo sa 3) se ka ama ts'ebetso ea mochini oa moralo oa pini, ho hlahisa liphoso ho ts'ebetsong ea mochini le boits'oaro ba ho khumama.
Qetellong, re bonts'itse hore tlhahlobo ea bevel geometry e ama palo ea ho kheloha ho USeFNAB.Haeba ho kheloha ho hoholo ho ka ba le phello e ntle ho phello ea nale meleng, joalo ka bokhoni ba ho itšeha ka mor'a ho phunya, joale lancet e tloaelehileng e ka buelloa ho USeFNAB kaha e fana ka ho kheloha ka ho fetisisa ha e ntse e boloka ho tiea ho lekaneng ha ntlha ea mohaho..Ho feta moo, phuputso ea morao tjena35 e bontšitse hore ho kheloha ho hoholo ha lintlha ho ka ntlafatsa liphello tsa likokoana-hloko tse kang cavitation, e ka tlatsetsang ho nts'etsopele ea lits'ebetso tse fokolang tsa ho buuoa.Ka lebaka la hore matla a acoustic a ntseng a eketseha a bonts'itse ho eketsa chai ea biopsy ho USeFNAB13, lithuto tse ling tse ngata tsa tlhahiso ea sampole le boleng lia hlokahala ho lekola melemo ea bongaka ea jiometry ea nale e ithutoang.